By the late 1950s, American figurative painter Allan Kaprow — formally trained in the era of Abstract Expressionism — began to view the action of Action Painting as far more important than painting itself. With the 1959 work '18 Happenings in 6 Parts,' a series of seemingly random but carefully choreographed activities executed with such friends as artists Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns, he embarked upon a career of intellectually rigorous site-specific, impermanent works that defied commoditization and ultimately gave birth to performance and installation art. The inventor of Happenings and Environments, Kaprow incorporated public participation within and beyond the traditional museum and gallery context. “Life is much more interesting than art,” he wrote. “The line between art and life should be kept as fluid, and perhaps indistinct, as possible."
'In the '60s and '70s... Allan Kaprow... repeatedly downgraded his [artist's] books from the loftier category of art objects to that of tools aiding his main activity as a constructor of Happenings. In other words, he created a direct link between his events and books.
His 'Activity Booklets,' as he termed them, were conceived as instruction manuals, instruments for understanding and experiencing the event through which the artist expressed himself. The graphic layout and photographs, which took on a narrative role, drew on both the figurative and performing arts, while the statements accompanying each book suggested how the event could be carried out, furnishing clues, subtle hints, and possible explanations, never just a straightforward script.' – Giorgio Maffei, 'Allan Kaprow. A Bibliography', Milan/IT: Mousse Publishing, 2010
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